In a society governed by the rule of law, it is essential for citizens to understand their legal rights. Awareness of your rights empowers you to protect yourself, seek justice, and live with dignity.
In Nigeria, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended), outlines the fundamental rights of every citizen. However, you should also be familiar with other legal protections beyond the Constitution. Here are seven common legal rights every Nigerian must know:
1.Right to Life
The right to life is the most fundamental human right. Section 33 of the Constitution guarantees this right, ensuring that no one is deprived of life intentionally unless it’s due to a court sentence following a criminal conviction. This law protects your life, and anyone who unlawfully takes another’s life faces severe punishment.
There are exceptions, like self-defense, lawful arrest, or preventing an escape from lawful custody. Despite these exceptions, the Nigerian government must ensure the safety and security of its citizens.
2. Right to Dignity of Human Person
Everyone in Nigeria has the right to dignity. Section 34 of the Constitution prohibits any form of torture, inhumane treatment, or degrading punishment. It also protects you from slavery, forced labor, and any form of exploitation.
You need to understand this right, especially when dealing with law enforcement agencies. If someone unlawfully detains or tortures you, you have the right to take legal action. No one can subject you to degrading conditions that violate your humanity.
3. Right to Personal Liberty
Section 35 of the Constitution guarantees your right to personal liberty, ensuring that no one is unlawfully detained or imprisoned. The law requires authorities to inform you of the reason for your arrest and take you to court within a reasonable time. Detaining someone without trial, commonly known as unlawful detention, violates this right.
Since police officers in Nigeria often face accusations of arbitrary arrests and detentions, it’s essential to know this right. If someone arrests you without due process, you can demand your release or seek legal redress.
4. Right to Freedom of Expression
In a democracy, freedom of expression is crucial. Section 39 of the Constitution grants Nigerians the right to express their thoughts and opinions freely through media or other platforms. This right includes the freedom to receive and share ideas and information without interference.
However, this right has limits. You cannot engage in hate speech, defamation, incitement of violence, or any expression that infringes on others’ rights. Knowing the boundaries allows you to exercise your freedom responsibly without breaking the law.
5. Right to Freedom of Movement
Section 41 of the Constitution protects your right to move freely throughout Nigeria. You have the right to live in any part of the country, and no one can restrict your movement without a valid reason, such as legal sanctions or health-related quarantines.
This right ensures that you can travel, work, and reside in any state without fear of discrimination or unnecessary restrictions.
6. Right to Fair Hearing
The right to a fair hearing is another vital legal protection. Section 36 of the Constitution guarantees that during any civil or criminal case, you are entitled to a fair, impartial, and public hearing within a reasonable time.
This right ensures you can present your case before a competent court. Whether in a civil or criminal matter, you have the right to a defense, and the court must hear both sides before delivering a judgment.
7. Right to Acquire and Own Property
Section 43 of the Constitution allows you to acquire and own property anywhere in Nigeria. This right empowers you to buy, inherit, or develop land and other immovable assets without fear of being denied ownership based on ethnicity, religion, or political affiliation.
Understanding this right is crucial for protecting your assets from unlawful seizure or encroachment, making it a pillar of economic empowerment.
Conclusion
Knowing your legal rights in Nigeria allows you to protect yourself and contribute to a just society. By understanding these seven fundamental rights—life, dignity, personal liberty, freedom of expression, freedom of movement, fair hearing, and property ownership—you can confidently stand up against violations and seek justice when needed.
In a country where law enforcement and governance face frequent challenges, staying informed about your rights is vital. If anyone violates your rights, seeking legal counsel can help you take the necessary steps toward justice.
